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Abstract: Four hundred participants from twenty countries gathered to share knowledge and research at the 11th International Congress on Women's Health Issues, held in San Francisco, California, in January 2000. "Women's Work, Health, and Quality of Life" explored the impact on social, health, and research policies affecting women world-wide of defining "work" from a purely economic, fiscal perspective. Women's work encompasses activities required to maintain house and home and to promote interpersonal community trust and social cohesion. Women routinely feed and care for children and elders, conduct subsistence farming, gather fuel, fodder, and water, manage livestock, participate in community development projects, and volunteer in the community. Informally paid work includes sale, trade, and exchange of farm produce and goods made in the home, as well as goods and services provided by small business owners. Since this work is not counted as wage or salaried labor, its contribution is erased in the global marketplace.
Governments, communities and families have relied on women's unremunerated or invisible work to nurture healthy individuals and families, support social and developmental programs, and pick up the slack of cost-containment health care policies world-wide. Governmental programs have actively sought women's unremunerated participation in community work to extend their budgets, yet unemployment and worker's compensation can only be accessed through formal, remunerated work. National and global economic models must incorporate the full scope of women's contributions to the world product when determining resource needs, compensation, and benefits for both women and men.
Research into the health and safety consequences of work has been severely limited by narrow definitions. Funded research that uses "employed/unemployed" as a dichotomous variable has constrained researchers' abilities to ask questions about interactions of work, health, safety, risks, and strategies within a complex model of stress, overload, invisibility, and violence. Occupationally, women's work has been deemed "safe," even when women suffer from chronic exposure to low-level toxins such as cleaning agents, pesticides, and fertilizers; from work place stress; and from repetitive injuries. Researchers from many disciplines need to collaborate to expand knowledge of the nature of work and its impact on lives, health, and well being. Explicit valuation of a broader definition of work is a major step towards meeting the United Nations' goals of gender equality and equity, development, and peace.
Abstract: This paper examines the concept of maritime confidence building and suggests potential uses in the Middle East. It establishes that thinking and application of confidence building generally, but maritime confidence building specifically has traditionally focused on measures. It has ignored the activities and steps that are taken to improve cooperation. This '"transition view" provides a framework from which to consider past maritime confidence building and lessons for the future.
The author examines regional arrangements and activities to assess the history of confidence building and the success maritime agencies and organizations have had worldwide with such efforts. The paper then draws upon the lessons of these experiences and the characteristics that make maritime CB a particularly useful tool. From this perspective the author is able to draw a number of possibilities for application in the Middle East. They involve interaction of personnel, undertaking joint activities, information sharing, and areas for future cooperation.
Abstract: This paper addresses the problem of undocumented immigration to the United States from Mexico and current and proposed policies designed to control these undocumented flows. Undocumented migration from Mexico is a subject that already receives disproportionate attention in the sense that many—and probably most—undocumented immigrants in the United States do not illegally cross the border. Still, INS enforcement efforts focus overwhelmingly on these border crossers. Although undocumented Mexican migration to the United States is disproportionately targeted, the subject merits analytical attention for three reasons. First, undocumented immigration from Mexico to the United States is the largest illicit migration flow in the world, at about one million crossings per year. Second, partly for this reason, U.S. enforcement efforts devoted to controlling Mexican immigration cost taxpayers billions of dollars, and have resulted in the transformation of the INS into the largest civilian gun-carrying force in the world. And third, immigration remains central to U.S.–Mexican bilateral relations (Binational Commission 1997, Rico 1992, Rosenblum 1998) as U.S. immigration policymaking takes on an increasingly transnational character (Rosenblum 1999 and forthcoming).Number: Policy Paper 53 Title:European Legal Integration and Environmental Protection Author(s): Rachel A. Cichowski Published by: IGCC Pages: 21 Year of Publication: 2000
Abstract: This paper examines how the European Court of Justice (ECJ) has operated to expand the integration project and has done so by serving as a forum for transnational political action by domestic and supranational policy actors. In particular, I study this integrative dynamic through the evolution of environmental protection policy in the European Union (EU). The purpose of this analysis is to reveal how the Court's construction of supranational norms operates to fuel the integration process, and often in opposition to national government preferences. The data presented in this analysis pertains to Article 177 of the Treaty of Rome. By studying this process, I am able to reveal not only the role of the Court in creating European environmental laws, but the integral role that both national judges and private litigants (individuals and interest groups) play in deepening integration. This study focuses specifically on the environment policy sector, yet provides a general framework for examining the case law in subsequent policy areas, with the purpose of providing a more nuanced understanding of European integration.Number: Policy Paper 52 Title:Understanding Europe's New Common Foreign and Security Policy Author(s): Michael Smith Published by: IGCC Pages: 35 Year of Publication: 2000 Related PolicyPack:Policypack 52
Abstract: The European Union (EU) has recently re-launched its ambitions for a Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP), which might even lead to a European Security and Defense Identity (ESDI). This paper explains the functioning of these mechanisms for outsiders and assesses the EU's potential for success in these domains by placing them in their proper historical context, which extends back to the creation of "European Political Cooperation" in 1970. It argues that despite a number of obstacles there are still strong reasons to believe that the EU will be able to develop more effective cooperation in these areas, based on 1) the EU's common foreign/security policy interests; 2) recent changes in the decision-making mechanisms of the CFSP/ESDI; 3) the common European resources that are now devoted to this area; and 4) the EU's performance record in foreign/security policy cooperation, which is not limited to its problems in the Balkans. While generally optimistic, the paper concludes on a note of caution about these developments, noting the challenges involved in developing this new capacity while also managing other crucial problems of integration, such as the single European currency and enlargement to the East.Number: Policy Paper 51 Title:Security Multilateralism in Asia: Views from the United States and Japan Author(s): Ralph Cossa, Akiko Fukushima, Daniel Pinkston Published by: IGCC Pages: 48 Year of Publication: 1999
Abstract: Two leading authorities on regional multilateral activities since the end of the Cold War—one Japanese and one American—look at the rise of regional multilateralism in Asia. Akiko Fukushima's monograph provides a rich historical background on Japan's periodic flirtation with multilateralism, including the disappointments during the inter-war and immediate post-war period. Ralph Cossa's paper focuses on five multilateral institutions that have emerged in the 1990s: the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF), the Four-Party Talks, the Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization (KEDO), the Council for Security Cooperation in the Asia Pacific (CSCAP), and the Northeast Asian Cooperation Dialogue (NEACD). Cossa concurs with Fukushima that the end of the Cold War and decline of the Soviet Union provided other actors, principally the United States, with incentives to support multilateral security institutions in the region.Number: Policy Paper 50 Title:Germany and the United States: Searching for 21st Century Migration Policies Author(s): Philip L. Martin Published by: IGCC Pages: 20 Year of Publication: 1999
Abstract: As immigration and integration become subject to heightened public debate and policy attention, Germany and the United States must rethink the policy process in order to promote policy consistency and awareness of its international repercussions. Recent German and U.S. debates and policy changes point to the need for agencies to monitor developments and suggest policy options, and administrative structures that permit some flexibility in administering immigration and integration policies.
This paper summarizes Germany's postwar migration history and reviews the major proposals for changes in Germany's immigration and integration policies before the 1998 elections. It also summarizes the SPD-Green proposal and its likely impacts, and compares Germany's immigration debates with similar U.S. debates.
Abstract: This report by Anthony Cordesman (Center for Strategic and International Studies) on the Middle East military balance has been developed as part of the CSIS Middle East Net assessment project. It uses unclassified data to provide an assessment of military forces, including an investigation of trends in North Africa, the Arab-Israeli balance, and the Gulf. It also examines the economic impact of defense spending and military demographics. A general analysis is made of the qualitative trends in military forces and the strengths and weaknesses of the forces in the region.Number: Policy Paper 48 Title:Conventional Arms Control in the Middle East: Conceptual Challenges and an Illustrative Framework Author(s): Michael Moodie Published by: IGCC Pages:Year of Publication: 2000 Related PolicyPack: Policypack 48
Abstract: Discussion of Middle East arms control has centered on weapons of mass destruction and confidence-building measures, ignoring the possibility of a conventional arms control arrangement. Although the potential for such an agreement may be distant, the author argues that the changing environment in the Middle East requires that this issue be given new consideration. The exploration of conventional arms control also may focus Washington's attention on what such an agreement should include, thus enabling policymakers to avoid wasting time and political capital when the prospects for such an agreement emerge. The author explores the requirements for such an agreement and outlines them in an illustrative framework. Number: Policy Paper 47 Title:The Changing
Order in Northeast Asia and the Prospects for U.S.–Japan–China–Korea Relations Author(s): Robert A. Scalapino Published by: IGCC Pages: 38 Year of Publication: 1998
Abstract: In the decades ahead, Northeast Asia will be the critical region on the global stage. It is here that the major powers of the present and future come into closest contact with each other. It is here that the crucial issues of population, resources, and environmental conditions will be most challenging. And it is here that the interaction between internationalism, nationalism, and communalism will unfold with greatest intensity.
Robert Scalapino (UC Berkeley) comments on Northeast Asia's role as a "critical region on the global stage" by exploring bilateral and multilateral relationships between the United States, Japan, China, and Korea. His research highlights political, geographic, and economic characteristics of the region with respect to prospects for Northeast Asian peace, despite economic and political difficulties.
Abstract: The North Korean economic decline in the 1990s reveals a complex food and energy shortage problem. Inadequate energy supplies are an immediate cause of this agricultural collapse, and the energy shortage must be resolved in order to reach a sustainable recovery. Hayes, Von Hippel, and Williams explore the origins and impacts of the rural energy shortage and suggest that international cooperation is necessary to resolve North Korea's energy and food crises. Number: Policy Paper 45 Title:Korean Peninsula Security and the U.S.-Japan Defense Guidelines Author(s): Ahn Byung-joon, Konstantin Sarkisov, Michael Stankiewicz Published by: IGCC Pages: 34 Year of Publication: 1998
Abstract: Presented here are Prof. Ahn Byung-joon's (Yonsei University, Seoul) reflections on the revision of the U.S.-Japan Defense Guidelines and their potential impact on regional security. Dr. Konstantin Sarkisov (Institute of Oriental Studies in the Russian Academy of Sciences and visiting professor, Hosei University, Tokyo, Japan) addresses the challenge of continuing conflict on the Korean peninsula in the context of the broader regional security environment. While addressing different topics, they make remarkably similar observations regarding the increasing complementarity between bilateral and multilateral diplomatic efforts in Northeast Asia, despite the lack of an official multilateral organization akin to NATO or the European Union.Number: Policy Paper 44 Title:Mapping the Hinterland: Land Rights, Timber, and Territorial Politics in Mozambique Author(s): David McDermott Hughes Published by: IGCC Pages: 30 Year of Publication: 1998
Abstract: This paper highlights the interaction of three interest groups: South African timber companies, charged with production-for-profit, who have rather fixed ideas, derived from nineteenth-century practices, regarding procurement and operation of timber concessions; the Mozambiquan central government, charged with developing foreign direct investment to the benefit of Mozambique as a whole, who have rather centralized, urban, bureaucratized ideas about land registers, ownership records, and
assignment of mapped territories to "public" and "private" categories; and Gogoi's people, charged with agricultural production, who have long-tested indigenous practices for sustaining fuel, construction materials, medicinal, and food productivity.
Local pressure to gain central government support to defend against logging incursions is radically and rapidly changing how Gogoi's people view and document landholdership and land rights. Geomatics—the systematic mapping and documentation of land usage—is proving a quickly learned "common language" for establishing the legal validity of indigenous land claims.
Abstract: In October 1991, the United States (with the Soviet Union) sponsored the Madrid Peace Conference, taking advantage of its diplomatic leverage in the wake of the Gulf War to launch several Arab-Israeli negotiating tracks. For the first time since Israel's creation, Israel and Arab states gathered together specifically to address regional issues of mutual concern. Despite its problems, the cooperative effort produced not only joint projects and unprecedented regional economic conferences, but also the first regional Arab-Israeli institutions. Among the most significant of these institutions is the Bank for Economic Cooperation and Development in the Middle East and North Africa, or the MENABANK. Despite this significance, however, the MENABANK collapsed. Interestingly, the reasons for its demise have as much to do with the U.S. Congress as with the Arab-Israeli peace process. This paper uses the MENABANK case to explore the sources of new regional institutions and to illustrate larger lessons about the forces supporting and impeding regional multilateral cooperation.Number: Policy Paper 42 Title:Environmental Diplomacy and the Jordan Basin Author(s): Isha Ray, Gershon Baskin, Zakaria al Qaq, W. Michael Hanemann Published by: IGCC Pages: 21 Year of Publication: 2001 Related PolicyPack:http://www-igcc.ucsd.edu/publications/policy_packs/pp42.ppt
Abstract: This paper reviews the achievements of Middle East environmental diplomacy under the multilateral track and lays out a feasible program to build on these achievements. It argues that negotiations should be informed by three lessons from the history of international water diplomacy. These are:
unequal partners may unequally share the costs and benefits of cooperation;
third-party mediation is most successful if accompanied by "carrot and stick" policies; and
cooperation should proceed as a series of modest steps, rather than as a grand regional plan.
The paper analyzes three issues in urgent need of multicountry cooperation. These are:
food for water trades to enhance food and water security in the region;
a transition to integrated pest management to halt the pollution of groundwater from agricultural runoff; and
the treatment and reuse of urban wastewater for health and water conservation.
In addition, the countries of the region should, jointly and individually, invest in environmental training and outreach. The conclusion contains an itemized list of short- to intermediate-term recommendations for environmental diplomacy.
Number: Policy Paper 41 Title:Institutional Implications of WTO Accession for China Author(s): Richard H. Steinberg Published by: IGCC Pages: 30 Year of Publication: 1998 Abstract: This paper considers the possible effects of China's accession to the WTO (World Trade Organization) on the WTO's institutional strength—how China's accession could affect WTO governmental processes and the extent of political support for the organization from leading Western trading countries. During the past ten years, in which China has not been a GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) contracting party or a WTO member, there has been substantial "systems friction" between China and some Western trading countries. This raises the question of whether WTO accession for China is likely to reduce and contain the systems friction, weaken the WTO as an institution, or both.Number: Policy Paper 40 Title:Assessing the Policy of Engagement with China Author(s): Paul Papayoanou, Scott L. Kastner Published by: IGCC Pages: 30 Year of Publication: 1998 Abstract: Paul A. Papayoanou and Scott L. Kastner focus on the impact that America's economic relations in the policy of engagement with China have had and will likely have on the nature of Chinese foreign policy and on U.S.–Chinese security relations. They argue that a policy of engagement will have beneficial consequences. A policy of engagement thus promises greater benefits than containment, with few risks. Their assessment draws on theory and historical examples. Comparisons are made to Czarist Russia and France, as well as Wilhelmine Germany and Britain. Number: Policy Paper 39 Title:Power and Prosperity: Linkages Between Security and Economics in U.S.-Japanese Relations Since 1960 Author(s): Robert Wampler Published by: IGCC Pages: 30 Year of Publication: 1998
Abstract: This paper summarizes the first results from an IGCC and National Security Archive project that analyzed the central question: How do Japan and the United States fit into each other's grand strategies? The Project on US-Japanese Relations Since 1960 is probing these issues through research into policymaking by both governments across a wide spectrum of diplomatic, security, and economic issues.
This essay provides an interim report on the project, based on a series of four conferences. Author Robert Wampler, Director of the U.S.-Japan Project at the National Security Archive, believes that there is general agreement in both countries that U.S.-Japanese relations have been and will remain central to future U.S. policy and diplomacy. In fact, many believe that this region will be the primary arena for long-term U.S. interests and engagement, replacing Europe as the focal point of U.S. foreign and economic interests. This idea only increases the need for both an analysis into U.S.-Japanese policy interaction and a grand strategy.
Abstract: Kori Schake addresses the future of
European security in Policy Paper 38. With the near certainty of NATO expansion
to include Poland, Hungary, and the Czech Republic in 1999, two important policy
issues loom: how enlargement will affect NATO's contribution to European security,
and whether further enlargement is a preferable course of action to other alternatives
for enhancing security in Europe. Schake discusses how expansion will affect
NATO and provides suggestions for a more secure European environment.
Number: Policy Paper 37 Title:Energy and Security in Northeast Asia: Proposals for Nuclear Cooperation Author(s): Michael Stankiewicz Published by: IGCC Pages: 30 Year of Publication: 1998
Abstract: Policy Paper 37 is the final report
in a three-part series and includes an introduction by Susan Shirk. It introduces
prominent proposals for multilateral Northeast Asian nuclear cooperation. Together,
authors Kaneko Kumao, Suzuki Tatsujiro, and Jor-Shan Choi shed light on the
diverse range of actors initiating activity on topics of cooperation. Policy
Paper 37 details some of the multilateral energy cooperation schemes most popular
in regional security-making circles, namely proposals for nuclear cooperation.
Ed Fei of the US Dept. of Energy offers a summary and critique of the three
proposals and focuses on their feasibility.
Number: Policy Paper 36 Title:Energy and Security in Northeast Asia: Supply and Demand; Conflict and Cooperation Author(s): Michael Stankiewicz, Fereidun Fesharaki, Wu Kang, Sara Banasak, Susan Shirk Published by: IGCC Pages: 62 Year of Publication: 1998
Abstract: Policy Paper 36 lays out the current status and projections for energy demand and fossil fuel use for Northeast Asia. It also includes a realistic analysis of the most highly touted multilateral solutions to the challenges faced by energy planning policy makers—grandiose pipeline schemes. The authors support the contention that markets can solve looming energy crises much better than attempts at multilateral solutions. This paper also confirms the potential political value of regional cooperation—the opportunities provided by the confluence of shared national interests in securing stable supplies of energy for growing economies. Second in a three-part series exploring links between security and energy in Northeast Asia.Number: Policy Paper 35 Title:Energy and Security in Northeast Asia: Fueling Security Author(s): Michael Stankiewicz, Kent Calder, Feridun Fesharaki, Susan Shirk Published by: IGCC Pages: 30 Year of Publication: 1998
Abstract: This Policy Paper debates the fundamental issue of whether rising energy demand generates new security dilemmas or whether efficient energy markets mitigate potential security risks arising from increased competition for energy resources. Contributor Kent Calder argues that the energy rivalry could deepen great power tensions in Northeast Asia. Calder's viewpoint is challenged by economist Fereidun Fesharaki, who believes conflict is unlikely because international energy markets will respond to the increased demand for fuel by stimulating the production of more oil and gas. Fesharki sees competition where Calder sees rivalry. First in a three-part series exploring links between energy and security in Northeast Asia.Number: Policy Paper 34 Title:The Management of International Migration: Short-Term Dislocations Versus Long-Term Benefits Author(s): Jeannette Money Published by: IGCC Pages: 38 Year of Publication: 1998
Abstract: 1995–96 IGCC Faculty Fellow Money examines a specific, generally south to north migratory flow—that of economic migrants from poor nations to advanced market economy countries. Money discusses the level of economic benefits generated from this migration. She also examines several factors that foster immigration, as well as the political climate that attracts the most immigration. The report closes with suggestions for managing migratory flows and recommendations for policies that will help mitigate anti-immigrant backlash in the United States. In particular, it provides a discussion of policies that would reduce the short-term costs of immigration in communities that receive large immigrant intakes by tailoring the flow of immigration to the business cycle and to the ability to provide a social infrastructure.Number: Policy Paper 33 Title:Maritime Shipping in Northeast Asia: Law of the Sea, Sea Lanes, and Security Author(s): Stephen Meyrick, Mark Valencia, Lin Sien Chia, Stanley Weeks, Leo Seo-Hang, Michael Stankiewicz Published by: IGCC Pages: 82 Year of Publication: 1998
Abstract: The result of a special maritime trade workshop at IGCC's Northeast Asian Cooperation Dialogue (NEACD) VI, this volume examines the strategic implications of increases in maritime shipping and trade in the sea lanes of that region. One of the consequences of Asia's tremendous economic growth in the past twenty years has been the Asian economies' increased dependence on maritime shipping and trade. This is especially true of shipping that passes through the narrow straits of Southeast Asia. This collection of papers from NEACD participants provides information on the evolution of dependence on this region, probabilities of military threats, regional relations, economic consequences of certain actions, and possibilities for cooperative solutions.Number: Policy Paper 32 Title:Emissions and Development in the United States: International Implications Author(s): Richard T. Carson, Donald R. McCubbin Published by: IGCC Pages: 38 Year of Publication: 1998
Abstract: Research Director Carson examines whether industrial development ultimately results in a net drop in hydrocarbon emissions. This study finds that for all U.S. states, emissions per capita decrease with increasing per capita income for all seven major classes of air pollutants. Without exception, the high-income states have lower per capita emissions, while emissions in the lower income states are highly variable. Carson and McCubbin use the data pertaining to U.S. states to make comparisons to the international arena. The results suggest that it is important to encourage the adoption of clean technology in the near term to avoid long-term problems such as global warming. There also exists a range of choices which countries can take that have wide-ranging and long-lasting effects. Number: Policy Paper 31 Title:Designing Transitions from Violent Civil War Author(s): Barbara F. Walter Published by: IGCC Pages: 31 Year of Publication: 1997
Abstract: Barbara Walter introduces the concept of durable settlements and poses three questions. Why do civil war adversaries consistently walk away from possible compromise settlements despite serious negotiations and the high costs of disagreement? Why is this settlement rate so different from other kinds of negotiations? And what does this tell us more generally about the conditions under which cooperation under anarchy will succeed or fail? Walter develops claims concerning civil war negotiations and commitment dilemmas. She then introduces disturbing problems that arise from attempts at settlement. However, this article also leads to a number of promising conclusions. This study has relevance for the growing game-theoretical literature that attempts to explain why bargaining might break down despite mutual gain from cooperation. In these cases, their greatest obstacle to success will not be reaching mutually acceptable bargains, but rather in forging credible commitments to a highly risky implementation process.Number: Policy Paper 30 Title:Economic Integration and Environment in Southeast Asia Author(s): Raymond Clemencon, Sarwano Kusumatmadja Published by: IGCC Pages: 50 Year of Publication: 1997
Abstract: Economic integration and freer trade can be expected to further boost economic growth in the ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) region. This growth could help provide the necessary financial resources for environmental protection and encourage sustainable development in Southeast Asian societies. Newly adopted environmental legislation in this region can be effectively implemented and strengthened.
This is the general conclusion of a workshop held in Jakarta, Indonesia, on September 5–6, 1996 on Economic Integration and Environment in Southeast Asia. Twenty-one workshop presentations dealt with various facets of the broader issue. Some addressed the actors and institutions involved in the environmental policy-making processes in ASEAN countries, whereas others presented case studies about specific environmental issues. A half-day roundtable concluded the meeting. This report attempts to capture the essence of the lively two days of discussion and to highlight shared viewpoints that emerged.
Number: Policy Paper 29 Title:The Political Economy of International Environmental Cooperation Author(s): Changhua Sun Rich, Eugenio Bobenrieth, Brian Potter, Heather Carlisle, Paul Williams, Alan Richards, Richard Ackerman Published by: IGCC Pages: 106 Year of Publication: 1997
Abstract: Few now doubt that successfully managed environmental challenges will be central to public policy in the coming century. Unless the international community can cope with transnational problems such as global warming, destruction of species and tropical rain forests, depletion of oceanic fish stocks, and increasing water scarcity in arid regions, both domestic and international conflicts may easily arise. Such concerns helped motivate the project "The Political Economy of International Environmental Cooperation," which supported University of California IGCC/MacArthur graduate scholars writing their Ph.D. dissertations on issues of international environmental cooperation. Upon concluding their dissertation research, the doctoral candidates presented Policy Papers at a workshop held in Santa Cruz, California, and collected here. Problems of optimal forests usage, global emissions and related global warming management, water negotiations in two different regional settings, and oceanic fisheries receive close, detailed attention. The volume concludes with an evaluation of the scholars' work from the perspective of a World Bank professional on the policy-making process. The results show how the interaction of theory and empirical material can generate results helpful to policy makers. Number: Policy Paper 28 Title:The United States and Global Environmental Risk Reduction Author(s): Raymond Clemencon Published by: IGCC Pages: 28 Year of Publication: 1997 Number: Policy Paper 27 Title:Preventive Diplomacy and Ethnic Conflict: Possible, Difficult, Necessary Author(s): Bruce W. Jentleson Published by: IGCC Pages: 30 Year of Publication: 1996
Abstract: The basic logic of preventive diplomacy is unassailable. Act early to prevent disputes from escalating or problems from worsening. Reduce tensions that if intensified could lead to war. Deal with today's conflicts before they become tomorrow's crises. The author proceeds from three basic postulates: 1) preventive diplomacy is possible; 2) preventive diplomacy is difficult; 3) preventive diplomacy is necessary. The paper develops and supports these postulates as a step towards refining the concept of preventive diplomacy, de-reifying any remaining promises of panacea, and otherwise moving from appealing idea to usable foreign policy strategies. After first developing a working definition for the term 'preventive diplomacy,' the author addresses each of these postulates-possible, difficult, necessary—drawing both on theoretical-conceptual arguments and empirical evidence from recent major cases.Number: Policy Paper 26 Title:The Middle East Arms Control and Regional Security (ACRS) Talks: Progress, Problems, and Prospects Author(s): Bruce Jentleson Published by: IGCC Pages: 40 Year of Publication: 1996
Abstract: The record of the Arms Control and Regional Security (ACRS) Working Group is a mixed one thus far. On the one hand, the creation of a multilateral process for arms control and regional security in a region where no comparable process ever before existed is in itself a significant achievement. By late 1994, a series of initial multilateral agreements had been negotiated for confidence-building measures (CBMs), confidence-and-security-building measures (CSBMs), and other regional security initiatives.
Since then, however, ACRS has virtually broken down. The next steps, from negotiation to implementation, have not been taken for the most part. A number of factors have contributed to this breakdown, most notably Egypt's linkage of progress on the entirety of the ACRS agenda to its conflict with Israel on the nuclear issue. A plenary meeting has not been held for almost two years, and ACRS has gone from leader to laggard among the Middle East multilateral working groups.
The first section of this paper reviews ACRS's record thus far, assessing the bases both for the progress that has been achieved and for the problems that have been encountered in pursuing greater regional security cooperation. The second section advances a series of policy recommendations for getting ACRS back on track.
Abstract: The authors offer an account of the causes of ethnic and sectarian conflict that is applicable to a growing number of countries and regions. The paper begins with a general discussion of how others have accounted for ethnic and sectarian conflict. The authors then present their framework for explaining the ways in which a relatively stable society and state can be quickly fractured by the logic of market and political reforms. They next argue that, although certain choices are open to the leadership of states faced with the need to reform, as often as not, political entrepreneurs will utilize ethnic and sectarian arguments in order to mobilize the population and advance their individual political programs. Following this, the authors describe the breakup of Yugoslavia, emphasizing the fragility of the internal ethnically-delineated fault lines that undermined the economic competitiveness and political viability of that country as a whole. Finally, they propose some ideas for addressing the dilemmas described here and, perhaps, easing political and economic transitions to liberal systems. Number: Policy Paper 24 Title:The Northeast Asian Cooperative Dialogue IV:
Energy and Security in Northeast Asia Author(s):
Susan Shirk, Michael Stankiewicz Published by: IGCC Pages: 68 Year of Publication: 1996
Abstract: IGCC's Northeast Asia Cooperation Dialogue (NEACD), a forum of security discussions among government officials and academics from the major powers in Northeast Asia, has yielded significant insights into the changing nature of security relations in Asia. One conclusion that has emerged is the philosophy that security threats are represented more by problems confronted by all countries and increasingly less by threatening states and their militaries. A prime example in Asia is the increasing demand for energy—a problem shared by all countries in the region. This Policy Paper seeks to expose security policymakers in Asia to this common problem, and, while recognizing that energy demands may be a source of insecurity that will continue to grow in the future, it also remains one of the most obvious areas for cooperative confidence-building measures on a regional basis. Case study chapters note that energy problems remain the children of political, social, trade, and security constraints, and that Asian decision makers are not sufficiently aware of the potential security complications of meeting energy demand with nuclear energy. One chapter poses the European-based EURATOM scheme as a model for potential regional cooperation on nuclear energy problems in Asia. Number: Policy Paper 23 Title:Workshop on Arms Control and Security in the Middle East III Author(s): Ronald Lehman, Peter Jones, Sverre Lodgaard, John Chipman, Fred Wehling Published by: IGCC Pages: 34 Year of Publication: 1996
Abstract: Events in the second half of 1995 and the first months of 1996 dramatically illustrate the promise and the pitfalls of the Middle East peace process. Steps toward political, cultural, economic, and environmental cooperation among the parties continue, evidenced by the October 1995 economic summit in Amman and the water agreement signed by Jordan, Israel, and the Palestinian Authority in February 1996. On the other hand, serious concerns persist over the threats posed by conventional arms, weapons of mass destruction, and terrorism, exemplified by the assassination of Israeli Prime Minister Rabin, exchanges of rocket and artillery fire in Lebanon, and continued suicide bombings. These events demonstrate the continuing need to investigate the underlying dynamics and problems of the peace process and to propose cooperative solutions and confidence-building measures, particularly in the field of regional security.
To help meet this need, IGCC organized the third and largest of its series of Workshops on Arms Controls and Security in the Middle East. Held December 11–15, 1995, in Petra, Jordan, the workshop brought together over 80 delegates from around the world. Working groups and panel discussions gave particular attention to regional arms control, threat perceptions and security doctrines, and economic and environmental aspects of security. The commentaries of the small, diverse working groups are collected here.
Abstract: International law, especially as it has been modified by the Charter of the United Nations, is grounded on actual or hypothetical agreements among sovereign states. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, adopted by the UN General Assembly in 1948, and related agreements set a standard of human rights to be observed by sovereign states. Neither the charter nor the declaration specify under what circumstances human rights violations may justify intervention and contravention of the rule of sovereignty. Despite the potential conflict between these two standards on international behavior there is a widespread and common belief that a broad range of human rights are based on international law, and that international law is based on a foundation of universally recognized principles of morality. By researching topics such as moral theory and international law, human rights, political norms, anarchy and democracy, and ethnicity, among others, this paper attempts to find a deeper understanding of moral responsibility. This work is relevant to understanding terrorism: its roots, how to combat it, its impact, and response.Number: Policy Paper 21 Title:The Importance of Space in Violent Ethno-Religious Strife Author(s): David C. Rapoport Published by: IGCC Pages: 28 Year of Publication: 1996
Abstract: The first notable discussion of space and conflict, in The Federalist, is a good starting point for further discussion. Neighboring sovereign states, it argues, are natural enemies, but animosities diminish greatly when the same peoples possess territorial autonomies within a single state. The concept of federalism eventually emerges from these points, becoming in time the most successful solution for ethno-religious conflicts ever devised.
The Federalist emphasizes physical geography, that is, the nature of the terrain; the distances within and between states, issues especially important to the new American successor state. It does not, however, offer a general account of how new state boundaries alter existing social relations, and it ignores the potential of space to generate moral feeling, as when sites are considered sacred, and/or when a community appeals to the principle of national self-determination, a right to a space it can control. These dimensions of space (physical, political, and moral geography), influence the course, conduct, and consequences of ethno-religious violence. The paper discusses patterns since the 1880s, highlighting the era after 1945 to focus on several questions: What is the relationship between the massive redrawing of political boundaries caused by the fall of great empires and the steady expansion of the number of these conflicts? How do claims for space influence special features of ethno-religious strife within states? What are the international responses to domestic struggles for space? The third question consumes most of the paper.
Abstract: Bosnia. Chechnya. Rwanda. The early 1990s witnessed a wave of ethnic conflict that swept across parts of Eastern Europe, the former Soviet Union, and Africa. Localities, states, and sometimes whole regions have been engulfed in convulsive fits of ethnic insecurity, violence, and, occasionally, genocide. The early optimism that the end of the Cold War might usher in a new world order has quickly been shattered. In this paper, two central questions are answered. First, how, why, and when do ethnic conflicts spread across national borders? Second, how can such transnational ethnic conflicts be best managed? By analyzing interactions between groups, the diffusion and escalation of ethnic conflict, confidence-building measures, and external intervention, the authors try to explain the cause, spread, and management of ethnic conflict. Number: Policy Paper 19 Title:Maritime Jurisdiction in the Three China Seas Author(s): Ji Guoxing Published by: IGCC Pages: 44 Year of Publication: 1995
Abstract: The three China Seas (the Yellow Sea, the East China Sea, and the South China Sea) are all enclosed or semi-enclosed and studded with so many offshore and mid-ocean islands that nowhere does the distance from one headland or island to another approach 400 nautical miles. China has maritime jurisdictional disputes with other coastal states (North Korea, South Korea, Japan, and other Southeast Asian countries) which border on the China Seas. The controversies involve two dimensions: territorial sovereignty over islands, and relevant jurisdictional rights and interests in maritime demarcation. This paper discusses three options for the settlement of the disputes. The first involves each claimant making due adjustments to its claim and negotiating for an equitable solution on the boundary elimination in a spirit of compromise and accommodation. The second option asks the countries to work for joint development in the disputed areas. The final option is to accept third-party assistance for the settlement of the disputes when the issues are deadlocked and when there is no hope of a compromise between the claimant states themselves. Number: Policy Paper 18 Title:Is Pandora’s
Box Half Empty or Half-Full? The Limited Virulence of Secessionism and the
Domestic Sources of Disintegration Author(s): Stephen M. Saideman Published by: IGCC Pages: 40 Year of Publication: 1995
Abstract: Is secession contagious? If so, can it be contained or quarantined to limit its spread? These two questions must be addressed to understand the challenges posed by ethnic divisions within and between states today. The end of ideological competition between the United States and the Soviet Union has not ushered in an era of global peace, but instead a period characterized by ethnic conflicts within many states. The coincidence of the disintegrations of the Soviet, Yugoslav, and Czechoslovak federations suggests that secession does spread with potentially nasty consequences. Further, there seems to be more secessionism today than ever before. Consequently, we need to comprehend the processes through which separatism within a particular state may or may not spread, causing conflicts within and between neighboring states. This paper argues that secessionism is less contagious than currently thought. The phenomenon is driven primarily by domestically-based dynamics, as the events and institutions within the boundaries of states greatly shape the incentives of politicians and the fears of ethnic groups. Number: Policy Paper 17 Title:Northeast Asian Cooperation Dialogue III: Regional Economic Cooperation: The Role of Agricultural Production and Trade in Northeast Asia Author(s): Colin Carter, Hyunok Lee, Daniel Sumner Published by: IGCC Pages: 44 Year of Publication: 1995
Abstract: The role of agriculture in Northeast Asian cooperation has been important for many years. However, the end of the Cold War in Europe and the recent security concerns in Northeast Asia have made this issue more urgent. In addition, recent developments in international agricultural relations have changed the context in which nations of the region are now making agricultural and food-related policy. These broader issues provide the context for this paper. The overall objective of this paper is to describe the current agricultural situation in North Korea, South Korea, China, and Japan with reference to the issues of food security and agricultural cooperation. The paper succinctly describes trends in agricultural supply, demand, and trade for each of the four countries. In addition, where important for understanding supply and demand trends, there is a brief explanation of the impact of recent developments in domestic agricultural policy. A discussion of future subregional cooperative possibilities concludes the paper.
Number: Policy Paper 16 Title:Ethnic Conflict and Russian Intervention in the Caucasus Author(s): Fred Wehling, Sergei Arutiunov, Andranik Migranian, Emil Payin, Galina Starovoitova Published by: IGCC Pages: 38 Year of Publication: 1995
Abstract: The collapse of the Soviet Union was remarkably peaceful, but its aftermath has been remarkably violent. To keep its multi-ethnic empire together, the Soviet regime used a mixture of political and economic tools developed over decades of Communist power and centuries of Russian imperial rule. The sudden end of the Soviet system destroyed most of these instruments and left the leaders of the new states of Eurasia holding the bag. As a result, these countries have become fertile ground for demagoguery, separatism, and ethnic strife. The ongoing conflict in Chechnya is among the most visible manifestations of the potential for ethnic violence that exists throughout the region.
To assess the likelihood of further conflict in the former Soviet states, and to debate various approaches for its control and moderation, IGCC invited some of the region's leading specialists on ethnic affairs to a conference at UC Davis in March of 1995. The meeting featured an animated panel discussion on the causes and consequences of the war in Chechnya. The articles collected in this paper are based on presentations by panelists Sergi Arutiunov, Andranik Migranyan, Emil Payin, and Galina Starovoitova. Although they each adopt widely varying perspectives and advocate very different solutions to problems of ethnic conflict, three major themes run throughout each presentation: the legacy of imperialism, federal supremacy versus local authority, and Russia's role as peacekeeper.
Number: Policy Paper 15 Title:Peace, Stability, and Nuclear Weapons Author(s): Kenneth N. Waltz Published by: IGCC Pages: 20 Year of Publication: 1995 Abstract: Throughout the nuclear age, fear of nuclear proliferation has been pervasive even though we have yet to witness the phenomenon. Rather than proliferating, nuclear weapons have spread glacially. From 1945 to 1970, only five countries, counting Israel, followed the United States into the nuclear world. Since 1970, when the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT) came into effect, only three countries—India, Pakistan, and North Korea (in addition to the three that became nuclear by succession to the Soviet Union)—have, or may have, joined and remained members of the nuclear club. This paper will discuss why countries want nuclear weapons, the fear of nuclear weapons, the control of nuclear weapons, and the stability of nuclear weapons.
Number: Policy Paper 14 Title:Promoting Regional Cooperation in the Middle East Author(s): Fred Wehling, Lewis Dunn, Ali Ghezawi, Yoram Avnimelech, Howard Adelman, Richard Rosecrance Published by: IGCC Pages: 42 Year of Publication: 1995
Abstract: While negotiations on all aspects of the Middle East peace process continue, problems such as terrorism, economic underdevelopment, and refugees threaten to undermine the region's progress towards peace. These persistence of these threats reveals an urgent need for new approaches to key issues and underlying problems in the peace process. To help meet this need, IGCC invited an international group of scholars and diplomats to participate in a conference held November 1994 in Vouliagmeni, Greece. This conference was the first meeting of Arab and Israeli specialists in the five functional areas of the multilateral talks (arms control and security, economic cooperation, the environment, refugees, and water) held since the signing of the Israeli-Jordanian peace treaty in October 1994. The meeting also included a special working group on the economics of security.
Many points of disagreement in the contentious region remained clear throughout the conference. Nevertheless, the working groups agreed on substantive recommendations for each functional area of the ongoing negotiations, including the use of satellites for cooperative monitoring of arms control agreements, an international environmental protection regime for the Gulf of Aqaba, and ways of meeting the humanitarian needs of Palestinian refugees. The ideas and recommendations of the working groups are summarized here in reports by some of the participants. This work is relevant to understanding terrorism: roots, combating, impact, and response.
Abstract: Key questions remain following the Cold War and other economic and political changes of the 1980s: Where does Africa stand in their aftermath? Does the end of Cold War mean that large and rich countries like the United States, Japan, and Germany can now redirect resources that were formerly used to counter Soviet influences in Africa? How should the United States respond to Africa's growing incidence of transnational ethnic conflict? One of the primary features of the "New World Order" is the emergence, or resurgence, of nationalism among large ethnic groups heretofore incorporated into multi-ethnic states. In the process, what once were thought to be mere domestic conflicts have now been internationalized. External actors have been drawn into what were technically civil wars in order to restore peace and security.
Increasingly, though, Africa is being left to its own devices. Clearly, Africa needs to prepare itself to play a leading role in resolving not only interstate conflicts between member states, but also cases of severe domestic conflicts that lead to regional insecurity. Is Africa ready to take on this role? This paper argues that the United States should stay involved and help Africa further develop its own support programs. This effort will pay off in the long run by avoiding costly peacekeeping missions. According to the author, we can keep peace in Africa by: 1) strengthening the UN's capacity to prevent and manage African conflict; 2) providing resources, technical expertise, and political support for the Organization of African Unity (OAU); and 3) increasing the U.S. Department of Defense budget allocation for the development of an African conflict prevention and management capacity,
Number: Policy Paper 12 Title:U.S. Intervention in Ethnic Conflict Author(s): Fred Wehling, John Steinbruner, George Kenney, Michael Klare, Michael Mazarr Published by: IGCC Pages: 42 Year of Publication: 1995
Abstract: Transnational ethnic conflict is a major source of violence and instability in the contemporary international system. It is too early to tell whether this threat will prove to be a transitory consequence of the collapse of multinational states, such as the Soviet Union and the former Yugoslavia, or will be become a defining characteristic of post–Cold War world politics. In either case, recent instances of ethnic strife in Bosnia, Chechnya, Rwanda, and the Kurdish area of Northern Iraq, remind us that ethnic conflicts will pose continuing problems for U.S. foreign policy. Should U.S. forces intervene to stop ethnic and nationalist violence or to prevent ethnic conflicts from escalating into open warfare? These questions were raised in panel discussions held in January 1995 as part of IGCC's ongoing project "The International Spread and Management of Ethnic Conflict." John Steinbruner, George Kenney, Michael Klare, and Michael Mazarr presented their views on intervention. Their presentations are collected in this paper. While each author has an unique analytic focus, all four examine how intervention into ethnic conflict involves five dilemmas for U.S. policy makers: identifying interests, formulating options, making decisions, implementing solutions, and mobilizing support. Number: Policy Paper 11 Title:China’s
Nonconformist Reforms Author(s): John McMillan Published by: IGCC Pages: 28 Year of Publication: 1994
Abstract: How has China achieved its spectacular
economic growth under reform, despite having no commercial law, no financial
market, prices that are only partially freed, and no privatization? The author
argues that the fundamental reasons for China's success are not unique to China.
China succeeded because it unleashed the forces of competition. China shows
the power of surprisingly nonstandard forms. Novel institutional forms evolved
to solve the unprecedented problems of transition. Entry of new firms, albeit
with an unusual ownership structure, produced a competitive non-state industrial
sector. New state-imposed incentives induced the state-owned firms to improve
their efficiency. The discipline on managers that comes from product-market
competition helped compensate for the missing financial-market discipline.
This paper looks at China's reform path and market incentives, and China and
reform practices.
Number: Policy Paper 10 Title:The United States and Japan in Asia Author(s): Christopher P. Twomey, Michael Stankiewicz, Susan L. Shirk Published by: IGCC Pages: 66 Year of Publication: 1994 Abstract: A March 1994 IGCC conference on " The United States and Japan in Asia" addressed the possibilities for conflict and cooperation in these two nations' policies towards the Asian region. The project has its roots in an earlier IGCC/Council on Foreign Relations seminar on reformulating U.S. policy towards East Asia, which highlighted the crucial importance of coordination between the U.S. and Japan in the development of regional foreign policies.
The project did not aim for a detailed examination of bilateral issues. Rather, the planned focus was on the interaction between this bilateral relationship and a much broader (geographically speaking) range of policy issues in Asia. However, discussion often focused on the U.S.-Japan bilateral relationship, indicating the importance of resolving and tempering bilateral conflicts. The bilateral relationship plays such a fundamental role in both nations' Asian policy that discussion of it continues to be relevant. Brief policy memos from American and Japanese participants were commissioned in each of four issue areas: politics and security; economics; science, technology, and environmental issues; and human rights. Examples of these policy memos, which illustrate the conference's main themes, are included.
Number: Policy Paper 09 Title: Northeast
Asia Cooperation Dialogue II, Tokyo, Japan, May 16–17, 1994, Conference Papers Author(s): Susan L. Shirk, Christopher P. Twomey Published by: IGCC Pages: 88 Year of Publication: 1994 Abstract: The second meeting of the Northeast Asian Cooperation Dialogue (NEACD) was held in Tokyo in May 1994 under the co-sponsorship of IGCC and the Japanese National Institute of Research Advancement. At this May meeting, each country's perspectives on measures to improve a sense of trust, specific confidence-building measures (CBMs), and how to proceed at future meetings were discussed. Background papers were prepared on a number of these topics. The chapters ranged from issues of confidence building, nuclear free zones, and crisis prevention centers. The papers neither represent a consensus of the participants nor a summary of any part of the discussions at any of the Dialogue meetings. They are presented in the hopes that other readers outside of the dialogue process will find them to be as useful and thought-provoking as did the hosts and participants of the NEACD.
Number: Policy Paper 08 Title:The Domestic Sources of Nuclear Postures Author(s): Etel Solingen Published by: IGCC Pages: 30 Year of Publication: 1994
Abstract: Why do some countries refuse to commit themselves to nuclear nonproliferation or to renounce their nuclear option? This paper argues that the best way to understand—and influence—such "fence-sitters" is to look to their domestic politics. Economic policy preferences can shift domestic political coalitions' nuclear positions. Countries ruled by coalitions of social and economic groups pursuing economic liberalization are more likely to cooperate internationally on nuclear nonproliferation than are countries ruled by inward-looking coalitions with radical or fundamentalist ideologies. Recognizing the importance of domestic politics for nuclear postures suggests several guidelines for international nonproliferation efforts: 1)multilateral economic mechanisms can pinpoint domestic targets for sanctions and inducements; 2) the indirect effects on nuclear postures of IMF-type conditionality arrangements must be evaluated to avoid weakening groups opposed to nuclear weapons; 3)domestic constituencies opposed to nuclear weapons and supportive of nonproliferation should be encouraged through the democratic process; 4) nonproliferation NGOs can play an important role in encouraging the creation of such domestic constituencies. Number: Policy Paper 07 Title:Workshop on Arms Control and Security in the Middle East III Author(s): Paul L. Chrzanowski Published by: IGCC Pages: 26 Year of Publication: 1994
Abstract: The Middle East peace process is now moving more rapidly than ever before. Many actors in the region have displayed a newfound willingness to adopt innovative approaches to resolving persistent conflicts. Though many obstacles remain, recent hopeful developments in the bilateral talks have opened the door to real progress in regional security and arms control. The door may shut quickly, however, if promising signs are not translated into concrete, practical, and verifiable agreements.
To complement the official negotiations and contribute to the progress of the Middle East peace process, the University of California's Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation (IGCC) and the Institute of International Relations of Panteion University, Athens, co-sponsored a Workshop on Arms Control and Security in the Middle East in Delphi, Greece, on January 3–7, 1994. Participants in the Delphi workshop were current and former government officials, veteran arms control negotiators, military officers, and leading non-governmental specialists on arms controls and regional security issues from Arab states, Israel, the United States, Europe, and Russia. The workshop gave Arab and Israeli participants an opportunity to draw upon the expertise that U.S., European, and Russian experts have gained through research efforts and negotiations between and within governments on arms control issues. This report summarizes the main points of agreement and the major areas of controversy that came to the forefront at the Delphi conference.
Abstract: A vision of economic cooperation in Northeast Asia (the three provinces of Northeast China, the Korean peninsula, the Russian Far East, and the Japanese coast on the Sea of Japan) arose in the mid-1980s. The rationale for such an Economic Zone in Northeast Asia is that the combination of Japan's and the Republic of Korea's (ROK) capital, technology, management and sales channels, China's and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea's (DPRK) labor and market, and Russian resources, scientists, and technicians would establish a beneficial division of labor in trade and the economies as a whole for all parties. This paper discusses the formation of economic zones, economic relations between major countries, and problems in Northeast Asian economic and trade cooperation. Number: Policy Paper 05 Title:Regional Cooperation and Environmental Issues in Northeast Asia Author(s): Peter Hayes, Lyuba Zarsky Published by: IGCC Pages: 35 Year of Publication: 1993
Abstract: In this paper, the authors describe the rapidly emerging agenda for regional collaboration on environmental issues in Northeast Asia. In the first part, the authors describe briefly some of the major transfrontier or regional environmental issues in Northeast Asia. These represent a menu of opportunities for cooperation (and potential conflicts) between states. They include transfrontier air pollution (acid rain only), marine pollution (radionuclides and oil only), migratory species (fish only), and trade-environment linkages related to increasing regional economic integration. In the second part, they examine the emerging and somewhat overlapping regional environmental management regimes. These include UNEP's Northwest Pacific Action Plan (NOWPAP), the IOC WESTPAC, the ESCAP/UNDP Northeast Asian Environment Program, and the UNDP Subregional Technical Cooperation and Development Program. Number: Policy Paper 04 Title:Workshop on Arms Control and Security in the Middle East Author(s): David J. Pervin Published by: IGCC Pages: 17 Year of Publication: 1993Number: Policy Paper 03 Title: Japan
in Search of a “Normal” Role Author(s): Chalmers Johnson Published by: IGCC Pages: 45 Year of Publication: 1992
Abstract: In Japan in Search of a "Normal" Role, author Chalmers Johnson outlines the serious contradictions in the U.S.-Japan relationship that render unworkable the U.S.-Japan security alliance as it has existed for forty years. Johnson also outlines the issues Japan must resolve in order to develop into a full-fledged nation state with military and political, as well as economic, might. In order to play a more active international role, Japan must first resolve three issues: It must make its markets more accessible to other nations in order to avoid retaliation on the part of its trading partners; it must obtain a political mandate from the Japanese people to address its security needs; and it must come to terms with the other Asian nations, which are not yet comfortable with the idea of Japan as a military and economic power. If Japan is able to overcome these obstacles, Johnson predicts that it will emerge as a "normal" nation, one with political and military capabilities befitting its economic stature. Number: Policy Paper 02 Title:Climate Change: A Challenge to the Means of Technology Transfer Author(s): Gordon J. F. MacDonald Published by: IGCC Pages: 54 Year of Publication: 1992
Number: Research Paper 04 Title:Where
Have All the Profits Gone? An Analysis of the Major U.S. Defense Contractors:
1950–1985 Author(s): David E. Kaun ISBN: 0-934637-9-1 Pages: Published by: IGCC Year of Publication: 1988
Number: Research Paper 02 Title:Arms Control: Problems and Prospects Author(s): Michael D. Intriligator, Dagobert L. Brito ISBN: 0-934637-03-2 Pages: 12 Published by: IGCC Year of Publication: 1987
Number: Research Paper 01 Title:Nuclear Fission: Reaction to the Discovery in 1939 Author(s): Lawrence Badash, Elizabeth Hodes, Adolph Tiddens ISBN: 0-934637-01-6 Pages: 53 Published by: IGCC Year of Publication: 1985
