Public Policy and Biological Threats

A program of the UC Institute on
Global Conflict and Cooperation

funded by the Carnegie Corporation of New York

2005 Speakers

Organizers

Sam Bozzette
Peter Cowhey

2005 Speakers

SAMUEL BOZZETTE is senior natural scientist at RAND. His expertise is in infectious diseases, particularly HIV and agents of bioterrorism and biowarfare. He is also interested in health outcomes research and clinical decision making. Dr. Bozzette holds an M.D. from the University of Rochester, a M.Phil, and a Ph.D. in Policy Analysis from the RAND Graduate School. He is board certified in Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases.

Dr. Bozzette currently directs the Health Services Research Unit and the Center for Patient-Oriented Research at the VA San Diego, and is a research director for the VA's Quality Enhancement Research Initiative in HIV/AIDS. He is co-principal investigator of the HIV Cost and Services Utilization Study, which is assessing costs, access, and quality of care in the first nationally representative study of HIV-positive individuals.

Dr. Bozzette is affiliated with the VA San Diego Healthcare System and the UC San Diego School of Medicine. He is a fellow of the American College of Physicians and the Infectious Diseases Society of America; a member of the American Society for Clinical Investigations and the American Association of Physicians; and a participant on many local, national, and international boards and committees.

Cowhey’s current research includes the political determinants of foreign policy, the reorganization of the global communications and information industries, and the future of foreign trade and investment rules in the Pacific Rim. His extensive research and writings on international telecommunications markets and regulation have been supported by such research institutes as the World Bank, the Council on Foreign Relations, the American Enterprise Institute, the Brookings Institution, the Markle Foundation, and the Twentieth-Century Fund. His books include The Problems of Plenty: Energy Policy and International Politics; When Countries Talk: International Trade in Telecommunications Services (with J. Aronson); Managing the World Economy: The Consequences of Corporate Alliances (with J. Aronson); and Structure and Policy in Japan and United States (co-edited with Mathew McCubbins).

He concurrently holds the appointment of Deputy Chairman, Agency for Science Technology and Research (ASTAR) as well as Deputy Chairman, Biomedical Research Council and has also been active in numerous national level committees as well as academic committees.

He graduated from the NUS in 1983 with an MBBS. He obtained the Master of Medicine (Internal Medicine) and MRCP (UK) in 1987. He carried out his research training in the Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford, and obtained a PhD from NUS in 1993. He was elected Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians (Edinburgh) in 1995, Fellow of the Royal Australasian College of Physicians in 1998, Fellow of the Royal Physicians (London) in 1998, Fellow of the American College of Physicians in 1999, Fellow, Polish Academy of Medicine in 1999 and Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society in 1995.

He joined NUS as a Lecturer in 1987, and was promoted to full Professor of Medicine in 1999. He served as Dean, NUS Faculty of Medicine, and Chairman, Medical Board, National University Hospital from 1997-2000, and was seconded to the Ministry of Health as Director of Medical Services from 2000-2004, in which capacity, he was responsible for overseeing Singapore’s public health response to the SARS outbreak in 2003.

Professor Tan won the Singapore Youth Award for medical research in 1996. He was awarded the Public Service Star in 2003 (for contributions in the fight against SARS) and the Public Administration Medal (Gold) in 2004. He was awarded the Albert Schweitzer Gold medal by the Polish Academy of Medicine in 1999.

In 2003, Cohen received a mini-fellowship from the Kaiser Family Foundation to research a series for Science magazine about HIV/AIDS in Asia. In 1998, he received a Sloan Foundation grant to complete Shots in the Dark: The Wayward Search for an AIDS Vaccine, which was published by W. W. Norton in January 2001. Shots in the Dark won the Science and Society journalism award from the National Association of Science Writers. His 1997 Science article about the rise and fall of an AIDS research program in the former Zaire won the international health reporting award from the Pan American Health Organization. In 2005, Houghton Mifflin published Cohen’s second book, Coming to Term: Myths, Mysteries and the latest Science of Miscarriage.

From 1986-1990 he was senior editor at the City Paper in Washington, D.C. He earned a B.A. in 1981 from the University of California, San Diego, where he majored in science writing. Cohen lives in Cardiff-by-the-Sea, California, with his wife, a TV documentary producer, and their three children.

RICHARD FEINBERG is professor of international political economy at the Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies (IR/PS), at UC San Diego. He is an authority on U.S. foreign policy, multilateral institutions, and summitry. He is an expert on trade and investment, globalization, democratization, and non-governmental organizations.

Feinberg also serves as director of the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Study Center, dedicated to research, scholarly exchange, and public education on subjects of interests to APEC member countries. He is co-director of the Leadership Council on Inter-American Summitry, a blue-ribbon council that evaluates progress in U.S.-Latin American relations. He is also the coordinator of the APEC International Assessment Network (APIAN), a pan-Pacific coalition of experts that monitors and evaluates APEC’s performance.

Feinberg has authored more than 150 articles and books. His book, Summitry in the Americas: A Progress Report, provides the first in-depth analysis of how U.S. foreign policy is made. Other publications include The Intemperate Zone: The Third World Challenge to U.S. Foreign Policy and Subsidizing Success: The Export-Import Bank in the U.S. Economy. He served as special assistant to President Clinton for National Security Affairs and senior director of the National Security Council’s (NSC) Office of Inter-American Affairs. While at the NSC, Feinberg was a principal architect of the 1994 Summit of the Americas in Miami. He previously served as president of the Inter-American Dialogue, executive vice president of the Overseas Development Council, and has held positions on the policy planning staff of the U.S. Department of State and in the Office of International Affairs in the U.S. Treasury Department.

Dr. JOSHUA FIERER is professor of medicine and pathology at UC San Diego School of Medicine and chief of infectious diseases at the VA Medical Center in San Diego. He is also director of microbiology at the VA.

Dr. Fierer is a physician-scientist who has a vast experience in clinical infectious diseases in the United States and an active research program to study innate immunity to infection. He is a fellow of the American Academy of Microbiology, The American Association for the Advancement of Science, and the Infectious Diseases Society of America. He has published more than 100 articles in peer-reviewed journals and co-edited a textbook of Infectious Diseases. He has served as a scientific reviewer for both the VA and the NIH.

Filson teaches Ph.D. courses on econometrics, financial economics, game theory, and industrial organization. The majority of his research is at the intersections of industrial organization, financial economics, and strategy. His recent work has focused on a variety of topics including the effects of profit-reducing policies on firm survival, financial performance, and new drug introductions in the research-based pharmaceutical industry, alliance terms in the biotechnology industry, contract terms and distribution strategies in the entertainment industry, the role of small firms and the determinants of small firm growth in high technology industries, the evolution of industries in the presence of spin-outs, licensing, and new product generations, the evolution of modern microelectronics industries, and the impact of e-commerce strategies on firm value. In his other research he has also developed a game theoretic model of bargaining and war.

Dr. Friedman has received numerous commendations, including the Surgeon General’s Medallion in 1999. Most recently, Friedman held the position of senior vice president of Research and Development, Medical and Public Policy, for Pharmacia Corporation. In addition, he served as chief medical officer for Biomedical Preparedness at the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America in response to the events of September 11, 2001.

Friedman's professional activities at the local and national level have included appointments to various posts in the American Society of Clinical Oncology, as well as memberships in the American Association for Cancer Research, the American Cancer Society, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the American Federation for Clinical Research and the Western Society for Clinical Investigation. His scholarly activities include authorship of several book chapters and more than 150 scientific articles in such prestigious journals as the Journal of the American Medical Association, the New England Journal of Medicine, Science, The Lancet, and the Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

Friedman received a B.A. magna cum laude from Tulane University and his medical degree from the University of Texas, Southwestern Medical School. He completed postdoctoral training at Stanford University and the National Cancer Institute, and is board-certified in Internal Medicine and Medical Oncology.

One of Dr. Garland’s accomplishments during the past few years has been to develop and serve as Program Manager for a new initiative in cancer research, the Department of Defense/Hollings Cancer Center Coastal Cancer Control Program. This is a DoD collaborative program with the Medical University of South Carolina, Hollings Cancer Center, and the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, Department of Family and Preventive Medicine.

Dr. Garland’s research team participated in an investigation of a childhood acute lymphoid leukemia cluster in Fallon, Nevada, at the request of the Nevada State Department of Health and Environment.

Dr. Garland and his research colleagues are also internationally recognized for advancing the hypothesis that grew out of his research on military populations suggesting that use of sunscreens with inadequate blocking of UVA is associated with increased risk of melanoma.

CLARK GIBSON is a professor in the Political Science Department and Director of International Studies at the University of California, San Diego. His research focuses on the politics of development, democracy, and the environment. He has explored issues related to these topics in Africa, Central and South America, and the United States. The results of this work have appeared in journals such as Comparative Politics, World Development, Human Ecology, African Affairs, Ecological Economics, and Environmental History.

Gibson's research about the politics of wildlife policy in Africa appears in his book, Politicians and Poachers: The Political Economy of Wildlife Policy in Africa (Cambridge 1999). He has also co-edited two volumes: People and Forests: Communities, Institutions, and Governance (MIT 2000) uses techniques from the natural and social sciences to examines the local governance of forests; Communities and the Environment: Ethnicity, Gender, and the State in Community-Based Conservation (Rutgers 2001) explores the complex and multilayered linkages between members and their natural resources. He received his Ph.D. from Duke University in 1995 and joined the UCSD faculty in 2001.

Dr. Gillespie earned his D.V.M. from Oklahoma State University in 1961, spent one year in veterinary practice, and completed his doctorate in comparative pathology at the University of California, Davis in 1965. After a postdoctoral fellowship with the Cardiovascular Research Institute at the UC San Francisco Medical Center, he joined the faculty of the UC Davis Schools of Veterinary Medicine and Medicine. Dr. Gillespie remained in Davis from 1966 until 1985, becoming known for his applications of heart-lung physiology to the developing field of equine anesthesiology and exercise physiology.

In 1985, Dr. Gillespie moved to Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine to become head of the Veterinary Teaching Hospital and Department of Clinical Sciences. While at the college, Gillespie observed the strong links between the state and its food agriculture industry and began to promote research on food animals and food safety. He helped found the Kansas State University Food Animal Health and Management Center in 1994. The center's findings on the ecology of food-borne pathogens, the role of wildlife-livestock interaction in spreading disease to people, and other food-related matters have led to new recommendations for food safety strategies on the farm.

Dr. Gillespie served as first executive director of the Joint Institute for Food Safety Research, in the White House Office for Science and Technology, U.S. Department of Agriculture and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. From 2000 until 2002, he and the institute brought together 20 federal agencies conducting food safety research and laid the groundwork for further collaborations with state agencies, private industry groups and international partners.

Gillespie has published more than 100 original scientific publications contributing internationally to a fuller understanding of respiratory disease, equine exercise physiology and food safety. Professional service contributions encompass several national and international organizations, including the American Veterinary Medical Association, the Academy of Veterinary Cardiology, the American College of Veterinary Anesthesiologists and numerous equine groups. He has also led numerous professional committees and task forces related to food safety and veterinary education.

MICHELE GINSBERG is the chief of the division of Community Epidemiology for the HHSA San Diego County. Community Epidemiology conducts disease surveillance, investigation, and intervention on communicable diseases, emerging infectious diseases, and intentional health threats.

Dr. Ginsberg is an adjunct clinical professor in the departments of Medicine and Family Medicine and adjunct professor in the San Diego State School of Public Health. Dr. Ginsberg has conducted investigations of AIDS/ HIV epidemiology and transmission in diverse populations, Hepatitis A in Mexican-American youth, prevalence of lead poisoning in homeless children, and factors influencing use of health care.

Kleeman is an independent consultant working with major global equipment manufacturers (HW and SW) and global carriers as well as smaller firms in the services and optical products areas. This work is focused on end-to-end user experience and commercial opportunities. He is also currently at UCSD working with the Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies and the California Institute of Telecommunications and Internet Technology on complex modeling, wireless technology applications, and complex visualization systems.

Formerly a vice president at the Boston Consulting Group, director at Arthur D. Little, and executive at Sprint, Kleeman has been involved with numerous technology companies in North America as advisor and executive. He most recently served as the co-founder, vice president and chief technical officer of Cometa Networks, a nationwide 802.11 firm, and before that with Aerie Networks, a long-distance fiber optic carrier. He was also the founding CTO of Global Telesystems Group.

Kleeman holds an M.A. from the Claremont Graduate School and an undergraduate degree from Syracuse University. He serves as the national chair of strategy for the American Red Cross and on the boards of the Marine Mammal Center in Sausalito and Equal Access, a not-for-profit providing digital satellite radio services to developing nations. He is also on the advisory council for the San Diego Technology Council. Previously he was a visiting fellow at the Berkeley Roundtable on the International Economy and a fellow of the BIOS Institute, a firm specializing in complex adaptive systems. He also served on the Board of Science Foundation Ireland.

Prior to joining the faculty in 2004, Professor Law clerked for the Honorable Stephen Reinhardt, U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit and practiced corporate law with Munger, Tolles & Olson LLP in Los Angeles.

His recent publications include "Generic Constitutional Law" (Minnesota Law Review, 2005), "Appointing Federal Judges: The President, the Senate, and the Prisoner's Dilemma" (Cardozo Law Review, 2005), and "Strategic Judicial Lawmaking: Ideology, Publication, and Asylum Law in the Ninth Circuit" (University of Cincinnati Law Review, 2005).

Professor Law was born in Vancouver and speaks Mandarin and French.

Prior to joining Senator Lieberman, Chuck served for seven years as the principal lobbyist for the Biotechnology Industry Organization, representing 1000 biotech and pharmaceutical companies. He has also served for twenty years as counsel to House and Senate Committees, two years as counsel to the Carter White House, and three years as counsel to an independent regulatory agency. He graduated from University of Michigan Law School (J.D. 1972) and Stanford University (B.A., 1967).

He has extensive personal experience with tropical medicine, having served as a Peace Corps Volunteer in Nepal (1968-1970) and visited 65 countries worldwide.

McKeown is a 1972 Phi Beta Kappa graduate of the University of Wyoming and earned her J.D. from the Georgetown University Law Center in 1975. She was a White House Fellow in 1980–1981, serving as special assistant to the Secretary of the Interior and special assistant at the White House. In 1993, she was a Japan Society Leadership Fellow.

McKeown serves on the Judicial Conference of the United States Codes of Conduct Committee, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals Executive Committee, and the board of the American Judicature Society. She is a member of the ABA Commission for Revision of the Model Judicial Code, the American Law Institute, a Fellow of the American Bar Foundation, and a member of the Welsh Chapter of the American Inns of Court. She previously served as president of the Federal Bar Association of the Western District of Washington, a lawyer representative to the Judicial Conference of the Ninth Circuit, a member of the Ninth Circuit Gender Bias Task Force, co-president of Washington Women Lawyers, a member of the American Bar Association House of Delegates and as a trustee of the Seattle-King County Bar Association.

McKeown has been active in community and civic affairs and served for many years on the National Board of the Girl Scouts of the U.S.A., the YMCA of Greater Seattle, the Executive Committees of the Corporate Council for the Arts, and the Washington Council on International Trade. She is the past chair and member of the White House Fellows Foundation, and was the recipient of the 2004 Girl Scout’s “Cool Women” award.

From 1994 to 1997, after unanimous U.S. Senate confirmation, Nacht served as Assistant Director for Strategic and Eurasian Affairs of the U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency. He directed the agency’s work on nuclear arms reduction and missile defense negotiations with Russia and designed the first high-level nuclear arms dialogue with China. He participated in five summit meetings with President Clinton: four with Russian President Yeltsin and one with Chinese President Jiang Zemin. He was granted the Agency’s Distinguished Honor Award, its highest form of recognition.

Nacht served previously for more than a decade each on the faculty of the School of Public Affairs in the University of Maryland at College Park and at Harvard University’s Kennedy School of Government. He was a founding co-editor of the quarterly journal International Security. He began his career as a missile aerodynamicist at the NASA Lewis Research Center in Cleveland, Ohio, and then served as a systems and management consultant with Dunlap and Associates, Inc. in Darien, Connecticut.

Nacht holds a B.S. in aeronautics and astronautics from New York University and a Ph.D. in political science from Columbia University. He is the author of five books and numerous other publications, most recently National Missile Defense: An American Perspective.He chairs an advisory panel to the Office of the Secretary of Defense on combating terrorist use of weapons of mass destruction in the United States. He is a member of the Educator’s Advisory Committee to the Comptroller General of the United States, an advisory committee to the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, the Board of Trustees of the World Affairs Council of Northern California, and the Board of the Japan Society of Northern California.

Mr. O’Ryon has also administered some of the largest relief operations in ARC history including Deputy Director on Hurricane Hugo, and Director for Hurricane Iniki and the Oakland Hills Firestorm. In addition, Mr. O’Ryon is an Critical Incident Response Team Director and an international response team member.

KIT POGLIANO is associate professor of biology at UCSD. She received her Ph.D. from the Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics at Harvard Medical School and was a Damon Runyon-Walter Winchell postdoctoral fellow at Harvard University. She is a recipient of the Searle Scholar and Beckman Young Investigator awards.

Rapoport is the author, editor, and co-editor of six books, including Assassination and Terrorism; The Morality of Terrorism; Inside Terrorist Organizations; The Democratic Experience and Political Violence (co-edited with Leonard Weinberg); and Crucial Concepts in Political Science: Terrorism. He has published some sixty academic articles, including “Fear and Trembling, Terrorism in Three Religious Traditions,” in the American Political Science Review; “Messianic Sanctions for Terror;” “Moses, Charisma, and Covenant;” and “The Fourth Wave: September 11 and the History of Terror” in Current History.

MARK SMOLINSKI, M.D., M.P.H., is vice president for the biological programs at the Nuclear Threat Initiative (NTI) and director of their Global Health and Security Initiative. NTI is a public charity founded by Ted Turner and former Senator Sam Nunn, where Smolinski works to improve the global public health infrastructure for early detection, surveillance, and response to infectious disease threats. In addition, he is a consultant to the World Health Organization and developed the curriculum for the WHO Health Leadership Service through a multi-disciplinary group of experts from around the globe.

Prior to joining NTI, Dr. Smolinski was senior program officer at the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences and study director for Microbial Threats to Health: Emergence, Detection, and Response. He received his medical degree from the University of Michigan, training in Internal Medicine at Oakwood Hospital in Dearborn, Michigan, and training in Preventive Medicine at the University of Arizona, where he also received his Master's in Public Health. He was a member of the investigation team during the hantavirus discovery in the southwestern United States in 1993.

Smolinski was stationed as a CDC epidemic intelligence officer in San Diego, California, from 1995–1997, where his experience included epidemiologic fieldwork in the Republic of Georgia. From 1997–2000, he was the ATPM Luther Terry Fellow at the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services in the Office of Public Health and Science where he was a member of the Healthy People 2010 development team. Smolinski is board certified in Public Health and Preventive Medicine.

SAMUEL L. STANLEY, JR., M.D., is a professor in the Division of Infectious Diseases in the Department of Medicine and in the Department of Molecular Microbiology at Washington University School of Medicine. He is the principal investigator and director of the multi-institutional Midwest Regional Center of Excellence for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases Research (MRCE).

Dr. Stanley received a B.A. from the University of Chicago, and his M.D. from Harvard Medical School. After completing residency training in internal medicine at the Massachusetts General Hospital, Dr. Stanley completed an infectious diseases fellowship and post-doctoral training at Washington University School of Medicine. He joined the faculty of Washington University School of Medicine in 1987, and has been involved in both basic science research in the Departments of Medicine and Molecular Microbiology, and patient care at Barnes Jewish Hospital.

Dr. Stanley is the author of 100 scientific articles, most of which focus on the interactions between parasitic and bacterial pathogens and the host. He is a former Pfizer post-doctoral fellow, a recipient of a Research Career Development Award from NIH, sits on the NIH Eukaryotic Pathogenesis Study Section and is a Burroughs Wellcome Scholar in Molecular Parasitology.

Wallack's research interests include policymaking under uncertainty and the politics and economics of development and integration with international markets. She has co-edited a forthcoming book on the interaction of federalism, economic reform, and globalization and has published several articles on various topics in macro political economy. Her regional focus is Latin America and India.

Wallack worked for the World Bank, Inter-American Development Bank, and the Asian Development Bank prior to coming to UC San Diego.

MARK WHEELIS earned his Ph.D. in Bacteriology at the University of California Berkeley, and did post-doctoral work in biochemistry at the University of Illinois. He has been on the faculty of the Section of Microbiology at the University of California, Davis since 1970. For the last fifteen years his research has focused on the history of biological and chemical warfare, and on various technical aspects of biological and chemical disarmament.

Wheelis is senior editor of Deadly Cultures: Biological Weapons Since 1945, forthcoming from Harvard University Press.

DEAN WILKENING directs the Science Program at the Center for International Security and Cooperation at Stanford University. He holds a Ph.D. in physics from Harvard University and spent thirteen years at the RAND Corporation prior to coming to Stanford in 1996. His major research interests have been nuclear strategy and policy, arms control, the proliferation of nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons, ballistic missile defense, and conventional force modernization.

Wilkening's most recent research focuses on ballistic missile defense and biological terrorism. His work on missile defense focuses on the broad strategic and political implications of deploying national and theater missile defenses, in particular, the impact of theater missile defense in Northeast Asia, and the technical feasibility of boost-phase interceptors for national and theater missile defense. His work on biological weapons focuses on understanding the scientific and technical uncertainties associated with predicting the outcome of hypothetical airborne biological weapon attacks, with the aim of devising more effective civil defenses, and a reanalysis of the accidental anthrax release in 1979 from a Russian military compound in Sverdlovsk with the aim of improving our understanding of the human effects of inhalation anthrax.

RAYMOND ZILINSKAS is the director of the Chemical and Biological Weapons Nonproliferation Program at the Center for Nonproliferation Studies (CNS), Monterey Institute of International Studies. His research focuses on achieving effective biological arms control, assessing the proliferation potential of the former Soviet Union’s biological warfare program, and meeting the threat of bioterrorism.

After graduating from California State University at Northridge with a B.A. in Biology, and from University of Stockholm with a Filosofie Kandidat in Organic Chemistry, Zilinskas worked as a clinical microbiologist for 16 years, then commenced graduate studies at the University of Southern California. His dissertation addressed policy issues generated by recombinant DNA research, including the applicability of genetic engineering techniques for military and terrorist purposes. After earning a Ph.D., Dr. Zilinskas worked at the U.S. Office of Technology Assessment (1981–1982), United Nations Industrial Development Organization (1982–1986), and the University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute (UMBI) (1987–1998). In addition, he was an adjunct associate professor at the Department of International Health, School of Hygiene and Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, until 1999.

In 1993, Zilinskas was appointed William Foster Fellow at the U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency (ACDA), where he worked on biological and toxin warfare issues. In 1994, ACDA seconded Dr. Zilinskas to the United Nations Special Commission (UNSCOM), where he worked as a biological analyst for seven months. He participated in two biological warfare-related inspections in Iraq (June and October 1994) encompassing 61 biological research and production facilities. He set up a database containing data about key dual-use biological equipment in Iraq and developed a protocol for UNSCOM's ongoing monitoring and verification program in the biological field.

After the fellowship, Dr. Zilinskas returned to the UMBI and Johns Hopkins University. In addition, he continued to serve as a long-term consultant to ACDA (now part of the U.S. Department of State), for which he carried out studies on Cuban allegations of U.S. biological attacks against its people, animals, and plants and investigations carried out by the United Nations of chemical warfare in Southeast Asia and the Arabian Gulf region. In 1998 Zilinskas joined CNS as a senior scientist. He is also a consultant to the U.S. Department of Defense.

Dr. Zilinskas’ book Biological Warfare: Modern Offense and Defense, a definitive account on how modern biotechnology has qualitatively changed developments related to biological weapons and defense, was published in 1999. He currently is writing a book on the former Soviet Union’s biological warfare program, including its history, organization, accomplishments, and proliferation potential, which will be published in 2006.